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More than 10 million people ride the 22 subway lines in Beijing every day, making the intermingled metro system an indispensable part of the city’s urban life.
But things were very different just 10 years ago, when Beijing only had a handful of subway lines. In the 1980s, the city’s first two subway lines dominated underground transportation until the turn of the century, when more lines were finally added.
In recent years especially, the subway network has expanded considerably in megacities. At the same time, many other cities have hopped on the metro map in China. The lengthening city subway networks connect suburban districts with central areas, reduce commuter time and make people’s life more convenient. This is the epitome of urban development in the past 40 years since reform and opening up began.
Fast growth
Line 1, running east and west, began operating in 1971, making Beijing the first city in China to have an underground railway system. In September 1981, after a decade of trial operations, the line was finally opened to full public use.
Line 2, a loop circling roughly under the Second Ring Road, became the second operational line, but still, the area covered by both lines was mostly in downtown Beijing. The ridership was low at first, totaling 105 million in 1985—the equivalent of 10 days of ridership today.
“In the 1990s, only a small fraction of people would choose the subway since it was more expensive than a ride by bus. Plus, the number of subway stations was quite limited,” said Chang Zhifu, a volunteer with the metro system for many years. “Many who took the subway had to transfer to buses to get to their final destinations anyway, so it was not a good deal,” the 76-yearold Beijing resident added. After quite a few price adjustments, the fare was finally set at 3 yuan （$0.47）, regardless of transfers or distance, in 2000.
The next line, Line 13, a half loop that links the northern suburbs with Line 2, was put into operation in January 2003. Another line, Batong Line, an extension of Line 1, was opened in December 2003. These two lines helped the ridership hit 607 million in 2004.
Line 5, which took more than seven years to construct, was opened in October 2007 as the city’s first north-south line. Subway fares again were changed to a flat fare of 2 yuan （$0.32）, including unlimited transfers. That year, ridership rose to a total of 655 million.
In July 2008, Line 10, the Olympic Special Line and the Airport Line were all opened on a trial basis ahead of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games. With the addition of the three new lines, total ridership rose by 75 percent over the previous year to 1.2 billion in 2008.
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