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After nearly two decades of summit meetings and substantial work, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization（SCO） has made major strides in global and regional power structures. It has addressed territorial disputes and demilitarization across borders； instituted confidencebuilding measures； and enhanced energy flows, cross-border connectivity, trade and counter-terrorism efforts. It is safe to say that the SCO has established itself as a major multilateral institution in the world, and by joining the SCO, India will reap many of these benefi ts.
The SCO was established on June 15, 2001, with China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan as founding member states. The organization evolved from the Shanghai Five, established in 1996, with Uzbekistan making it six. India and Pakistan became full member states in June 2017, while Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia are observer states. In addition, there are six dialogue partners, namely Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia, Nepal, Turkey and Sri Lanka.
Building the road
Today, the SCO covers three fi fths of Eurasia with an area of about 34 million square km and a population of nearly 3.1 billion that constitutes about half of the global population. The organization has initiated several measures for maintaining regional stability and security, including counterterrorism measures and drug-traffi cking controls, and economic, trade and infrastructure links. A number of structured institutional mecha- nisms—nearly 10 at the levels of presidents, premiers and foreign, defense, finance and interior ministers—were created for enhancing mutual trust and security among participant countries and influencing international and regional events.
Decision-making in the SCO is based on consensus among member states, and bilateral issues are not discussed. Hence, even though a number of member states have differences over ideology, territorial disputes, water sharing, ethnic tensions, different levels of economic development or integration, and regional security issues, they avoid the emergence of sharp conflicts in the multilateral organization. As a result, despite serious differences on the Russia-Georgia conflict over South Ossetia and Abkhazia or the more recent Crimean issue or the U.S. troop presence in Afghanistan, the SCO as a whole does not focus on these contentious issues.
Coming changes
Amid this backdrop, the role of India—which applied for membership to the SCO nearly 15 years ago—is very much predicated on the structure and functioning of the SCO. New Delhi will bring a fresh fl avor to the SCO in the long run. With over a decade as an observer member, India is well versed on the functioning of the organization. The role and infl uence of India are expected to be both at the ideational and practical level for improving the work and functioning of the SCO.
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